During the French Revolution, the Reign of Terror (1793–1794) plunged France into chaos as fear, suspicion, and political purges ruled the nation. Thousands were executed by guillotine, including Marie Antoinette, while Robespierre’s grip on power tightened — until he, too, met the blade. A dark reminder of how revolutionary ideals can spiral into bloodshed.

Hugo’s influence extended beyond books and politics—he was deeply invested in humanitarian causes. He championed the abolition of the death